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{{Infobox Airport| name = Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport| image = Washington national airport.jpg| image-size = 175px| caption =| IATA = DCA| ICAO = KDCA| FAA = DCA| type = Public| owner = Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority| elevation-f = 15| elevation-m = 5| coordinates = | website = www.mwaa.com/national/| r1-number = 1/19| r1-length-f = 6,869| r1-length-m = 2,094| r1-surface = [Asphalt-->

Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is a public [airport located three miles (5 Kilometre) south of the central business district of Washington, D.C., in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. It is notable for being the nearest commercial airport to Washington, D.C. Originally named Washington National Airport, the facility was renamed after former President of the United States Ronald Reagan in 1998. The airport is commonly known as "National", "Washington National", "Reagan", and "Reagan National"; "DCA" is used as the main airport code.

The airport is a focus city for US Airways, also the airport's largest carrier. The US Airways Shuttle offers air shuttle service to LaGuardia Airport in New York City and Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts. Delta Air Lines' Delta Shuttle offers air shuttle service to LaGuardia Airport in New York City. With a handful of exceptions, flights are restricted to destinations within 1,250 miles (2,012 km), in an effort to control aviation noise and to drive air traffic to the larger but more distant Washington Dulles International Airport. In 2006, the airport served approximately 18.5 million passengers. Because the airport only provides U.S. immigration and customs facilities for corporate jet traffic, the only international flights allowed to land at DCA are those from airports with U.S. Customs and Border Protection United States border preclearance, which include Nassau, Bahamas, Bermuda, Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec.

History Washington National Airport was built by the federal government in 1940–41 by John McShain on mudflats alongside the Potomac River at Gravelly Point, 7 km (4½ miles) south of Washington, D.C.

Captain John Alexander built a mansion called "Abingdon" on the site in 1746. A descendent, Philip Alexander, donated most of the land on which the Alexandria, Virginia was built, and it was so named in his honor. Abingdon Mansion was purchased in 1778 by John Parke Custis and was the birthplace of Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis, step-granddaughter of President George Washington. Abingdon was destroyed by fire in 1930. In 1998, the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority preserved the site and housed artifacts found there in the Exhibit Hall, located in Terminal A.

Airport facilities in Washington, D.C. were seriously inadequate throughout the early 20th century. Hoover Field, located near the present site of the Pentagon, was the first major terminal to be developed in the Capital area, opening its doors in 1926. The facility's single runway was intersected by a local street; guards had to stop automobile traffic during takeoffs and landings.

The following year, Washington Airport, another privately operated field, began service next door. In 1930, the economics of the Great Depression caused the two terminals to merge to form Washington-Hoover Airport. Bordered on the east by US-1, with its accompanying high-tension electrical wires, and obstructed by a high smokestack on one approach and a dump nearby, the field was less than adequate.

National Airport opened its doors on June 16, 1941. Though located in Virginia, much of the site had originally been underwater, in District of Columbia territory. A 1945 law established the airport as legally within Virginia but under the jurisdiction of United States Congress.

Rapid growth in air traffic led to the construction of runway extensions in 1950 and 1955. The runway layout — limited due to the location and orientation of the airport — has otherwise changed little, except for the 1956 closure of a fourth, east-west runway now used for taxiing and aircraft parking. The terminal building was supplemented by the completion of the North Terminal in 1958; the two were connected in 1961.

Despite the expansions, several efforts have been made to restrict the growth of the airport. The advent of jet aircraft as well as traffic growth led Congress to pass the Washington Airport Act of 1950, which resulted in the opening of Dulles Airport in 1962. Concerns about aviation noise led to the imposition of noise restrictions even before jet service began in 1966. To reduce congestion and drive traffic to alternative airports, the Federal Aviation Administration imposed landing slot and perimeter restrictions on National and four other high-density airports in 1969.

Aviation safety was improved in the late 1960s and again in the late 1970s by the construction of extended overruns off the ends of the main runway, Runway 18-36 (now Runway 1-19 because of declination changes).The north safety zone extension was constructed after an arriving passenger jet skidded off the end of the runway and into Roaches Run.The south safety zone extension had previously been completed; this was accomplished using, in addition to earthen fill, the remnants of demolished buildings from public works projects in southeast Washington, DC (which contained substantial amounts of known toxic materials such as lead, asbestos, penel-treated wood, PCBs, and the like).Significant contributions to this landfill were made by the United States Department of the Army, who were known to dispose of large quantities of surplus pre-Vietnam and Vietnam-era chemicals, among them Agent Orange.Anecdotal accounts abound of Airport employees of the time taking jarfuls of Agent Orange recovered from exposed drums to use in clearing vegetation from around their own homes.The accounts tell of Agent Orange living completely up to its billing.Although only a small fraction of the hazardous materials known to have existed in this landfill have been removed, no study performed to date has reliably evaluated the effects over time of the release of known toxins from the south end landfill into the Potomac River.In addition, the Airports Authority, through the General Counsel's Office and other departments, prefers to either minimize or deny the existence of any toxic materials in the southern portion of the Airport in a concerted effort to deny responsibility to its contractors and employees.When referring to the contaminated area, an Authority attorney is known to have claimed that "we all know it's there, we just don't talk about it," while employees and/or contractors are unknowingly sent to work in contaminated areas.

Service to the airport's dedicated Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (Washington Metro) began in 1977. The station was originally separate from the main terminal, but is today connected to terminals B and C via pedestrian bridges.

On the afternoon of January 13, 1982, following a period of exceptionally cold weather and a morning of blizzard conditions, Air Florida Flight 90 crashed after waiting forty-nine minutes on a taxiway and taking off with ice and snow on the wings. The Boeing 737 aircraft failed to gain altitude. Less than a mile from the end of the runway, the airplane struck the 14th Street Bridge complex, shearing the tops off vehicles stuck in traffic before plunging through the one-inch thick ice covering the Potomac River. Rescue responses were greatly hampered by the weather and traffic. Due to heroic action on the part of motorists, a United States Park Service police helicopter crew, and one of the plane's passengers who later perished, 5 occupants of the downed plane survived. However, the other 74 persons who had been aboard died, as well as four occupants of vehicles on the bridge. President Reagan cited motorist Lenny Skutnik in his State of the Union Address later that year.

The federal government relinquished control of Dulles and National Airports in 1987, when President Reagan signed a bill creating the independent Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. However, United States Congress has continued to intervene in the management of the airports. On February 6, 1998, President Bill Clinton signed legislation changing the airport's name from Washington National Airport to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, to honor the former president on his 87th birthday — a decision made without input from area residents.{{cite web] initially resisted renaming the Metro station serving the airport, citing a policy (adopted in 1987) that states that groups seeking to rename a station were required to pay the cost of replacing signage. Arlington County, which would have been responsible for funding the name change, declined. Congress responded by threatening the system with budget cuts. Metro ultimately renamed the station at its own expense.

With the addition of more flights and limited space in the aging main terminal, the airport began an extensive renovation and expansion in the 1990s. Hangar 11 on the northern end of the airport was converted into an interim terminal for USAir and Delta Air Lines in 1989, freeing up several gates in the main terminal until the new terminal complex became operational. On July 27, 1997, the new terminal complex, consisting of terminals B and C and two parking garages, opened. Argentine architect César Pelli designed the new terminals of the airport. The interim terminal closed immediately after the opening and was converted back into a hangar. One pier of the main terminal (now Terminal A), which mainly housed American Airlines, was demolished; the other pier remains operational today as gates 1-9.

Tightened security and safety concerns Because of National Airport's proximity to federal institutions such as the White House, U.S. Capitol, Washington Monument, and the Pentagon, enhanced security measures have been in place since the airport began operations.

Prior to September 11, 2001 attacks, the most notable security measure was the southbound approach into the airport. Most of central Washington D.C. is Airspace classes up to 18,000 feet. Due to this restriction, pilots approaching from the north follow the path of the Potomac River and make a steep turn shortly before landing on the southbound runaway. This approach is known as the River Visual and is commonly cited as one of the most challenging approaches in the world. Similarly, flights taking off to the north are required to climb quickly and take a steep left turn, to avoid contact with the Washington Monument or flight over the White House or Pentagon.

After the attacks, the airport was closed for several weeks, and security was tightened extensively when it reopened. Increased security measures included:

|title=Secretary Mineta Announces Beginning of Security Screening Program; BWI First to Deploy Federal Screening Personnel|work=www.tsa.gov|date=2002-04-24|url=http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2002/press_release_0051.shtm|accessdate=2007-03-26--> |title=TSA Suspends 30-Minute Rule for Reagan National Airport|work=www.tsa.gov|date=2005-07-14|url=http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2005/press_release_0607.shtm|accessdate=2007-03-26--> |title=TSA Opens Ronald Reagan Washington Airport to General Aviation Operations|work=www.tsa.gov|date=2005-10-18|url=http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2005/press_release_0627.shtm|accessdate=2007-03-26-->

On October 18, 2005, DCA was reopened to general aviation on a limited basis (48 operations per day) and under serious restrictions: passenger and crew manifests must be submitted to the Transportation Security Administration 24 hours in advance, and all planes must pass through one of 12 "gateway airports" where reinspections of aircraft, passengers, and baggage take place. An armed security officer must be onboard before departing a gateway airport.

The River Visual approach .Regarded as one of the most interesting approaches in the U.S., the River Visual approach was instituted due to safety and noise abatement concerns. The approach (which is for runway 19), which follows the course of the Potomac River, is only possible with a ceiling of at least 3,500 feet and visibility of 3 miles or more. There is a light on the Arlington Memorial Bridge to aid pilots following the river. Aircraft using the approach can be observed from various parks on the river's west bank. Passengers seated on the left side of an airplane that is landing can easily see the Capitol, the Washington Monument, the Jefferson Memorial, the National Mall, and the White House. Passengers seated on the right side can see Central Intelligence Agency , Arlington National Cemetery, the Pentagon, and the United States Air Force Memorial.

Perimeter restrictions Reagan National Airport is subject to a federally mandated perimeter limitation and cannot accommodate flights to cities outside a 1,250 mile radius, with limited exceptions. The U.S. Department of Transportation has issued 24 "beyond-perimeter slot exemptions" which allow specified carriers to operate 12 daily round-trip flights to cities outside the perimeter. These exemptions are allocated as follows:

In 1999, United States Senate John McCain of Arizona introduced legislation to remove the 1250-mile perimeter restriction, infuriating local residents concerned about noise and traffic from increased service by larger, long-haul aircraft. McCain argued that the move would improve competition, while critics charged he was supporting the interests of Phoenix, Arizona-based America West Airlines (AWA). In the end the restriction was not lifted, but the FAA was permitted to add additional exemptions, which went not to AWA but to competitor Alaska Airlines. AWA would later gain additional exemptions for non-stop service to Phoenix in 2004.

Terminals, airlines, and destinations

US Airways is the largest carrier at the airport, accounting for roughly 35% of the airport's passenger traffic in March 2006. American Airlines, the second-largest, accounts for roughly 14% of traffic.

Terminal A (Gates 1-9) Terminal A opened in 1941 and was expanded in 1955 to accommodate more passengers and airlines. This terminal is currently undergoing renovation to restore its original architecture, and is expected to be completed in a couple of years.



Terminals B and C

Terminals B and C opened in 1997, replacing a collection of airline-specific terminals built during the 1960s. The terminals were designed by architect César Pelli and house 35 gates. There is no Gate 13, due to Triskaidekaphobia.

Terminal B (Gates 10-22 - Pier 1) , a popular park where people can watch planes take off or land.

Terminal B (Gates 23-34 - Pier 2)

Terminal C (Gates 35-45 - Pier 3) layout at DCA



Ground transportation stop, and has a shuttle bus connecting the rail stop with Terminal A.

References External links

{{Infobox Airport| name = Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport| image = Washington national airport.jpg| image-size = 175px| caption =| IATA = DCA| ICAO = KDCA| FAA = DCA| type = Public| owner = Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority| elevation-f = 15| elevation-m = 5| coordinates = | website = www.mwaa.com/national/| r1-number = 1/19| r1-length-f = 6,869| r1-length-m = 2,094| r1-surface = [Asphalt-->

Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is a public [airport located three miles (5 Kilometre) south of the central business district of Washington, D.C., in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. It is notable for being the nearest commercial airport to Washington, D.C. Originally named Washington National Airport, the facility was renamed after former President of the United States Ronald Reagan in 1998. The airport is commonly known as "National", "Washington National", "Reagan", and "Reagan National"; "DCA" is used as the main airport code.

The airport is a focus city for US Airways, also the airport's largest carrier. The US Airways Shuttle offers air shuttle service to LaGuardia Airport in New York City and Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts. Delta Air Lines' Delta Shuttle offers air shuttle service to LaGuardia Airport in New York City. With a handful of exceptions, flights are restricted to destinations within 1,250 miles (2,012 km), in an effort to control aviation noise and to drive air traffic to the larger but more distant Washington Dulles International Airport. In 2006, the airport served approximately 18.5 million passengers. Because the airport only provides U.S. immigration and customs facilities for corporate jet traffic, the only international flights allowed to land at DCA are those from airports with U.S. Customs and Border Protection United States border preclearance, which include Nassau, Bahamas, Bermuda, Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec.

History Washington National Airport was built by the federal government in 1940–41 by John McShain on mudflats alongside the Potomac River at Gravelly Point, 7 km (4½ miles) south of Washington, D.C.

Captain John Alexander built a mansion called "Abingdon" on the site in 1746. A descendent, Philip Alexander, donated most of the land on which the Alexandria, Virginia was built, and it was so named in his honor. Abingdon Mansion was purchased in 1778 by John Parke Custis and was the birthplace of Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis, step-granddaughter of President George Washington. Abingdon was destroyed by fire in 1930. In 1998, the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority preserved the site and housed artifacts found there in the Exhibit Hall, located in Terminal A.

Airport facilities in Washington, D.C. were seriously inadequate throughout the early 20th century. Hoover Field, located near the present site of the Pentagon, was the first major terminal to be developed in the Capital area, opening its doors in 1926. The facility's single runway was intersected by a local street; guards had to stop automobile traffic during takeoffs and landings.

The following year, Washington Airport, another privately operated field, began service next door. In 1930, the economics of the Great Depression caused the two terminals to merge to form Washington-Hoover Airport. Bordered on the east by US-1, with its accompanying high-tension electrical wires, and obstructed by a high smokestack on one approach and a dump nearby, the field was less than adequate.

National Airport opened its doors on June 16, 1941. Though located in Virginia, much of the site had originally been underwater, in District of Columbia territory. A 1945 law established the airport as legally within Virginia but under the jurisdiction of United States Congress.

Rapid growth in air traffic led to the construction of runway extensions in 1950 and 1955. The runway layout — limited due to the location and orientation of the airport — has otherwise changed little, except for the 1956 closure of a fourth, east-west runway now used for taxiing and aircraft parking. The terminal building was supplemented by the completion of the North Terminal in 1958; the two were connected in 1961.

Despite the expansions, several efforts have been made to restrict the growth of the airport. The advent of jet aircraft as well as traffic growth led Congress to pass the Washington Airport Act of 1950, which resulted in the opening of Dulles Airport in 1962. Concerns about aviation noise led to the imposition of noise restrictions even before jet service began in 1966. To reduce congestion and drive traffic to alternative airports, the Federal Aviation Administration imposed landing slot and perimeter restrictions on National and four other high-density airports in 1969.

Aviation safety was improved in the late 1960s and again in the late 1970s by the construction of extended overruns off the ends of the main runway, Runway 18-36 (now Runway 1-19 because of declination changes).The north safety zone extension was constructed after an arriving passenger jet skidded off the end of the runway and into Roaches Run.The south safety zone extension had previously been completed; this was accomplished using, in addition to earthen fill, the remnants of demolished buildings from public works projects in southeast Washington, DC (which contained substantial amounts of known toxic materials such as lead, asbestos, penel-treated wood, PCBs, and the like).Significant contributions to this landfill were made by the United States Department of the Army, who were known to dispose of large quantities of surplus pre-Vietnam and Vietnam-era chemicals, among them Agent Orange.Anecdotal accounts abound of Airport employees of the time taking jarfuls of Agent Orange recovered from exposed drums to use in clearing vegetation from around their own homes.The accounts tell of Agent Orange living completely up to its billing.Although only a small fraction of the hazardous materials known to have existed in this landfill have been removed, no study performed to date has reliably evaluated the effects over time of the release of known toxins from the south end landfill into the Potomac River.In addition, the Airports Authority, through the General Counsel's Office and other departments, prefers to either minimize or deny the existence of any toxic materials in the southern portion of the Airport in a concerted effort to deny responsibility to its contractors and employees.When referring to the contaminated area, an Authority attorney is known to have claimed that "we all know it's there, we just don't talk about it," while employees and/or contractors are unknowingly sent to work in contaminated areas.

Service to the airport's dedicated Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (Washington Metro) began in 1977. The station was originally separate from the main terminal, but is today connected to terminals B and C via pedestrian bridges.

On the afternoon of January 13, 1982, following a period of exceptionally cold weather and a morning of blizzard conditions, Air Florida Flight 90 crashed after waiting forty-nine minutes on a taxiway and taking off with ice and snow on the wings. The Boeing 737 aircraft failed to gain altitude. Less than a mile from the end of the runway, the airplane struck the 14th Street Bridge complex, shearing the tops off vehicles stuck in traffic before plunging through the one-inch thick ice covering the Potomac River. Rescue responses were greatly hampered by the weather and traffic. Due to heroic action on the part of motorists, a United States Park Service police helicopter crew, and one of the plane's passengers who later perished, 5 occupants of the downed plane survived. However, the other 74 persons who had been aboard died, as well as four occupants of vehicles on the bridge. President Reagan cited motorist Lenny Skutnik in his State of the Union Address later that year.

The federal government relinquished control of Dulles and National Airports in 1987, when President Reagan signed a bill creating the independent Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. However, United States Congress has continued to intervene in the management of the airports. On February 6, 1998, President Bill Clinton signed legislation changing the airport's name from Washington National Airport to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, to honor the former president on his 87th birthday — a decision made without input from area residents.{{cite web] initially resisted renaming the Metro station serving the airport, citing a policy (adopted in 1987) that states that groups seeking to rename a station were required to pay the cost of replacing signage. Arlington County, which would have been responsible for funding the name change, declined. Congress responded by threatening the system with budget cuts. Metro ultimately renamed the station at its own expense.

With the addition of more flights and limited space in the aging main terminal, the airport began an extensive renovation and expansion in the 1990s. Hangar 11 on the northern end of the airport was converted into an interim terminal for USAir and Delta Air Lines in 1989, freeing up several gates in the main terminal until the new terminal complex became operational. On July 27, 1997, the new terminal complex, consisting of terminals B and C and two parking garages, opened. Argentine architect César Pelli designed the new terminals of the airport. The interim terminal closed immediately after the opening and was converted back into a hangar. One pier of the main terminal (now Terminal A), which mainly housed American Airlines, was demolished; the other pier remains operational today as gates 1-9.

Tightened security and safety concerns Because of National Airport's proximity to federal institutions such as the White House, U.S. Capitol, Washington Monument, and the Pentagon, enhanced security measures have been in place since the airport began operations.

Prior to September 11, 2001 attacks, the most notable security measure was the southbound approach into the airport. Most of central Washington D.C. is Airspace classes up to 18,000 feet. Due to this restriction, pilots approaching from the north follow the path of the Potomac River and make a steep turn shortly before landing on the southbound runaway. This approach is known as the River Visual and is commonly cited as one of the most challenging approaches in the world. Similarly, flights taking off to the north are required to climb quickly and take a steep left turn, to avoid contact with the Washington Monument or flight over the White House or Pentagon.

After the attacks, the airport was closed for several weeks, and security was tightened extensively when it reopened. Increased security measures included:

|title=Secretary Mineta Announces Beginning of Security Screening Program; BWI First to Deploy Federal Screening Personnel|work=www.tsa.gov|date=2002-04-24|url=http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2002/press_release_0051.shtm|accessdate=2007-03-26--> |title=TSA Suspends 30-Minute Rule for Reagan National Airport|work=www.tsa.gov|date=2005-07-14|url=http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2005/press_release_0607.shtm|accessdate=2007-03-26--> |title=TSA Opens Ronald Reagan Washington Airport to General Aviation Operations|work=www.tsa.gov|date=2005-10-18|url=http://www.tsa.gov/press/releases/2005/press_release_0627.shtm|accessdate=2007-03-26-->

On October 18, 2005, DCA was reopened to general aviation on a limited basis (48 operations per day) and under serious restrictions: passenger and crew manifests must be submitted to the Transportation Security Administration 24 hours in advance, and all planes must pass through one of 12 "gateway airports" where reinspections of aircraft, passengers, and baggage take place. An armed security officer must be onboard before departing a gateway airport.

The River Visual approach .Regarded as one of the most interesting approaches in the U.S., the River Visual approach was instituted due to safety and noise abatement concerns. The approach (which is for runway 19), which follows the course of the Potomac River, is only possible with a ceiling of at least 3,500 feet and visibility of 3 miles or more. There is a light on the Arlington Memorial Bridge to aid pilots following the river. Aircraft using the approach can be observed from various parks on the river's west bank. Passengers seated on the left side of an airplane that is landing can easily see the Capitol, the Washington Monument, the Jefferson Memorial, the National Mall, and the White House. Passengers seated on the right side can see Central Intelligence Agency , Arlington National Cemetery, the Pentagon, and the United States Air Force Memorial.

Perimeter restrictions Reagan National Airport is subject to a federally mandated perimeter limitation and cannot accommodate flights to cities outside a 1,250 mile radius, with limited exceptions. The U.S. Department of Transportation has issued 24 "beyond-perimeter slot exemptions" which allow specified carriers to operate 12 daily round-trip flights to cities outside the perimeter. These exemptions are allocated as follows:

In 1999, United States Senate John McCain of Arizona introduced legislation to remove the 1250-mile perimeter restriction, infuriating local residents concerned about noise and traffic from increased service by larger, long-haul aircraft. McCain argued that the move would improve competition, while critics charged he was supporting the interests of Phoenix, Arizona-based America West Airlines (AWA). In the end the restriction was not lifted, but the FAA was permitted to add additional exemptions, which went not to AWA but to competitor Alaska Airlines. AWA would later gain additional exemptions for non-stop service to Phoenix in 2004.

Terminals, airlines, and destinations

US Airways is the largest carrier at the airport, accounting for roughly 35% of the airport's passenger traffic in March 2006. American Airlines, the second-largest, accounts for roughly 14% of traffic.

Terminal A (Gates 1-9) Terminal A opened in 1941 and was expanded in 1955 to accommodate more passengers and airlines. This terminal is currently undergoing renovation to restore its original architecture, and is expected to be completed in a couple of years.



Terminals B and C

Terminals B and C opened in 1997, replacing a collection of airline-specific terminals built during the 1960s. The terminals were designed by architect César Pelli and house 35 gates. There is no Gate 13, due to Triskaidekaphobia.

Terminal B (Gates 10-22 - Pier 1) , a popular park where people can watch planes take off or land.

Terminal B (Gates 23-34 - Pier 2)

Terminal C (Gates 35-45 - Pier 3) layout at DCA



Ground transportation stop, and has a shuttle bus connecting the rail stop with Terminal A.

References External links



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